Certified translations are required whenever parties put foreign-language material before a UK court. Recent amendments to the Civil Procedure Rules (CPR) and related Practice Directions clarify both how witness evidence must be prepared and what a compliant certification must contain. This note summarises the key requirements and sets out how IMD Translations delivers court-ready work.

The words yes and no are often considered universal. Yet, in many languages, these direct equivalents do not exist, or they function differently from English. Instead of using a single lexical item for affirmation or negation, speakers employ echo-answers, verb repetition, or contextual phrasing. This phenomenon poses intriguing challenges for linguists and practical considerations for…